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        Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)
        Introductory Text
        Main body
        Part I Copyright
        Chapter I Subsistence, ownership and duration of copyright
        Introductory
        1. Copyright and copyright works.
        2. Rights subsisting in copyright works.
        Descriptions of work and related provisions
        3. Literary, dramatic and musical works.
        3A. Databases
        4. Artistic works.
        5A. Sound recordings.
        5B. Films.
        6. Broadcasts.
        6A. Safeguards in case of certain satellite broadcasts.
        7. Cable programmes.
        8. Published editions.
        Authorship and ownership of copyright
        9. Authorship of work.
        10. Works of joint authorship.
        11. First ownership of copyright.
        Duration of copyright
        12. Duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works.
        13A. Duration of copyright in sound recordings.
        13B. Duration of copyright in films.
        14. Duration of copyright in broadcasts and cable programmes.
        15. Duration of copyright in typographical arrangement of published editions.
        15A. Meaning of country of origin.
        Chapter II Rights of Copyright Owner
        The acts restricted by copyright
        16. The acts restricted by copyright in a work.
        17. Infringement of copyright by copying.
        18. Infringement by issue of copies to the public.
        18A. Infringement by rental or lending of work to the public.
        19. Infringement by performance, showing or playing of work in public.
        20. Infringement by communication to the public
        21. Infringement by making adaptation or act done in relation to adaptation.
        Secondary infringement of copyright
        22. Secondary infringement: importing infringing copy.
        23. Secondary infringement: possessing or dealing with infringing copy.
        24. Secondary infringement: providing means for making infringing copies.
        25. Secondary infringement: permitting use of premises for infringing performance.
        26. Secondary infringement: provision of apparatus for infringing performance, &c.
        Infringing copies
        27. Meaning of"infringing copy".
        Chapter III Acts Permitted in relation to Copyright Works
        Introductory
        28. Introductory provisions.
        General
        28A Making of temporary copies
        29. Research and private study.
        30. Criticism, review and news reporting.
        31. Incidental inclusion of copyright material.
        Visual impairment
        31A Making a single accessible copy for personal use
        31B Multiple copies for visually impaired persons
        31C Intermediate copies and records
        31D Licensing schemes
        31E Limitations, etc. following infringement of copyright
        31F Definitions and other supplementary provision for sections 31A to 31E
        Education
        32. Things done for purposes of instruction or examination.
        33. Anthologies for educational use.
        34. Performing, playing or showing work in course of activities of educational establishment.
        35. Recording by educational establishments of broadcasts and cable programmes.
        36. Reprographic copying by educational establishments of passages from published works.
        36A. Lending of copies by educational establishments
        Libraries and archives
        37. Libraries and archives: introductory.
        38. Copying by librarians: articles in periodicals.
        39. Copying by librarians: parts of published works.
        40. Restriction on production of multiple copies of the same material.
        40A. Lending of copies by libraries or archives.
        41. Copying by librarians: supply of copies to other libraries.
        42. Copying by librarians or archivists: replacement copies of works.
        43. Copying by librarians or archivists: certain unpublished works.
        44. Copy of work required to be made as condition of export.
        44A Legal deposit libraries
        Public administration
        45. Parliamentary and judicial proceedings.
        46. Royal Commissions and statutory inquiries.
        47. Material open to public inspection or on official register.
        48. Material communicated to the Crown in the course of public business.
        49. Public records.
        50. Acts done under statutory authority.
        Computer programs: lawful users
        50A. Back up copies.
        50B. Decompilation.
        50BA Observing, studying and testing of computer programs
        50C. Other acts permitted to lawful users.
        Databases: permitted acts
        50D. Acts permitted in relation to databases.
        Designs
        51. Design documents and models.
        52. Effect of exploitation of design derived from artistic work.
        53. Things done in reliance on registration of design.
        Typefaces
        54. Use of typeface in ordinary course of printing.
        55. Articles for producing material in particular typeface.
        Works in electronic form
        56. Transfers of copies of works in electronic form.
        Miscellaneous: literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works
        57. Anonymous or pseudonymous works: acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of author.
        58. Use of notes or recordings of spoken words in certain cases.
        59. Public reading or recitation.
        60. Abstracts of scientific or technical articles.
        61. Recordings of folksongs.
        62. Representation of certain artistic works on public display.
        63. Advertisement of sale of artistic work.
        64. Making of subsequent works by same artist.
        65. Reconstruction of buildings.
        Miscellaneous: lending of works and playing of sound recordings
        66. Lending to public of copies of certain works.
        Miscellaneous: films and sound recordings
        66A. Films: acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright, &c.
        67. Playing of sound recordings for purposes of club, society, &c.
        Miscellaneous: broadcasts
        68. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programme.
        69. Recording for purposes of supervision and control of broadcasts and cable programmes.
        70. Recording for purposes of time-shifting.
        71. Photographs of television broadcasts or cable programmes.
        72. Free public showing or playing of broadcast or cable programme.
        73. Reception and re-transmission of broadcast in cable programme service.
        73A. Royalty or other sum payable in pursuance of section 73(4).
        74. Provision of sub-titled copies of broadcast or cable programme.
        75. Recording for archival purposes.
        Adaptations
        76. Adaptations.
        Chapter IV Moral Rights
        Right to be identified as author or director
        77. Right to be identified as author or director.
        78. Requirement that right be asserted.
        79. Exceptions to right.
        Right to object to derogatory treatment of work
        80. Right to object to derogatory treatment of work.
        81. Exceptions to right.
        82. Qualification of right in certain cases.
        83. Infringement of right by possessing or dealing with infringing article.
        False attribution of work
        84. False attribution of work.
        Right to privacy of certain photographs and films
        85. Right to privacy of certain photographs and films.
        Supplementary
        86. Duration of rights.
        87. Consent and waiver of rights.
        88. Application of provisions to joint works.
        89. Application of provisions to parts of works.
        Chapter V Dealings with Rights in Copyright Works
        Copyright
        90. Assignment and licences.
        91. Prospective ownership of copyright.
        92. Exclusive licences.
        93. Copyright to pass under will with unpublished work.
        93A. Presumption of transfer of rental right in case of film production agreement.
        Right to equitable remuneration where rental right transferred
        93B. Right to equitable remuneration where rental right transferred.
        93C. Equitable remuneration: reference of amount to Copyright Tribunal.
        Moral rights
        94. Moral rights not assignable.
        95. Transmission of moral rights on death.
        Chapter VI Remedies for Infringement
        Rights and remedies of copyright owner
        96. Infringement actionable by copyright owner.
        97. Provisions as to damages in infringement action.
        97A Injunctions against service providers
        98. Undertaking to take licence of right in infringement proceedings.
        99. Order for delivery up.
        100. Right to seize infringing copies and other articles.
        Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee
        101. Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee.
        101A Certain infringements actionable by a non-exclusive licensee
        102. Exercise of concurrent rights.
        Remedies for infringement of moral rights
        103. Remedies for infringement of moral rights.
        Presumptions
        104. Presumptions relevant to literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works.
        105. Presumptions relevant to sound recordings and films.
        106. Presumptions relevant to works subject to Crown copyright.
        Offences
        107. Criminal liability for making or dealing with infringing articles, &c.
        107A. Enforcement by local weights and measures authority.
        108. Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings.
        109. Search warrants.
        110. Offence by body corporate: liability of officers.
        Provision for preventing importation of infringing copies
        111. Infringing copies may be treated as prohibited goods.
        112. Power of Commissioners of Customs and Excise to make regulations.
        Supplementary
        113. Period after which remedy of delivery up not available.
        114. Order as to disposal of infringing copy or other article.
        114A Forfeiture of infringing copies, etc.: England and Wales or Northern Ireland
        114B Forfeiture of infringing copies, etc.: Scotland
        115. Jurisdiction of county court and sheriff court.
        Chapter VII Copyright Licensing
        Licensing schemes and licensing bodies
        116. Licensing schemes and licensing bodies.
        References and applications with respect to licensing schemes
        117. Licensing schemes to which following sections apply.
        118. Reference of proposed licensing scheme to tribunal.
        119. Reference of licensing scheme to tribunal.
        120. Further reference of scheme to tribunal.
        121. Application for grant of licence in connection with licensing scheme.
        122. Application for review of order as to entitlement to licence.
        123. Effect of order of tribunal as to licensing scheme.
        References and applications with respect to licensing by licensing bodies
        124. Licences to which following sections apply.
        125. Reference to tribunal of proposed licence.
        126. Reference to tribunal of expiring licence.
        127. Application for review of order as to licence.
        128. Effect of order of tribunal as to licence.
        128A Notification of licence or licensing scheme for excepted sound recordings
        128B References to the Tribunal by the Secretary of State under section 128A
        Factors to be taken into account in certain classes of case
        129. General considerations: unreasonable discrimination.
        130. Licences for reprographic copying.
        131. Licences for educational establishments in respect of works included in broadcasts or cable programmes.
        132. Licences to reflect conditions imposed by promoters of events.
        133. Licences to reflect payments in respect of underlying rights.
        134. Licences in respect of works included in re-transmissions.
        135. Mention of specific matters not to exclude other relevant considerations.
        Use as of right of sound recordings in broadcasts
        135A. Circumstances in which right available.
        135B. Notice of intention to exercise right.
        135C. Conditions for exercise of right.
        135D. Applications to settle payments.
        135E. References etc. about conditions, information and other terms.
        135F. Application for review of order.
        135G. Factors to be taken into account.
        135H. Power to amend sections 135A to 135G.
        Implied indemnity in schemes or licences for reprographic copying
        136. Implied indemnity in certain schemes and licences for reprographic copying.
        Reprographic copying by educational establishments
        137. Power to extend coverage of scheme or licence.
        138. Variation or discharge of order extending scheme or licence.
        139. Appeals against orders.
        140. Inquiry whether new scheme or general licence required.
        141. Statutory licence where recommendation not implemented.
        Royalty or other sum payable for lending of certain works
        142. Royalty or other sum payable for lending of certain works.
        Certification of licensing schemes
        143. Certification of licensing schemes.
        Powers exercisable in consequence of competition report
        144. Powers exercisable in consequence of report of Monopolies and Mergers Commission.
        Compulsory collective administration of certain rights
        144A. Collective exercise of certain rights in relation to cable re-transmission.
        Chapter VIII The Copyright Tribunal
        The Tribunal
        145. The Copyright Tribunal.
        146. Membership of the Tribunal.
        147. Financial provisions.
        148. Constitution for purposes of proceedings.
        Jurisdiction and procedure
        149. Jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
        150. General power to make rules.
        151. Costs, proof of orders, &c.
        151A. Award of interest.
        Appeals
        152. Appeal to the court on point of law.
        Chapter IX Qualification for and Extent of Copyright Protection
        Qualification for copyright protection
        153. Qualification for copyright protection.
        154. Qualification by reference to author.
        155. Qualification by reference to country of first publication.
        156. Qualification by reference to place of transmission.
        Extent and application of this Part
        157. Countries to which this Part extends.
        158. Countries ceasing to be colonies.
        159. Application of this Part to countries to which it does not extend.
        160. Denial of copyright protection to citizens of countries not giving adequate protection to British works.
        Supplementary
        161. Territorial waters and the continental shelf.
        162. British ships, aircraft and hovercraft.
        Chapter X Miscellaneous and General
        Crown and Parliamentary copyright
        163. Crown copyright.
        164. Copyright in Acts and Measures.
        165. Parliamentary copyright.
        166. Copyright in Parliamentary Bills.
        166A. Copyright in Bills of the Scottish Parliament.
        166B. Copyright in Bills of the Northern Ireland Assembly.
        166C Copyright in proposed Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
        166D Copyright in Bills of the National Assembly for Wales
        167. Houses of Parliament: supplementary provisions with respect to copyright.
        Other miscellaneous provisions
        168. Copyright vesting in certain international organisations.
        169. Folklore, &c.: anonymous unpublished works.
        Transitional provisions and savings
        170. Transitional provisions and savings.
        171. Rights and privileges under other enactments or the common law.
        Interpretation
        172. General provisions as to construction.
        172A. Meaning of EEA and related expressions.
        173. Construction of references to copyright owner.
        174. Meaning of"educational establishment" and related expressions.
        175. Meaning of publication and commercial publication.
        176. Requirement of signature: application in relation to body corporate.
        177. Adaptation of expressions for Scotland.
        178. Minor definitions.
        179. Index of defined expressions.
        Part II Rights in performances
        Introductory
        180. Rights conferred on performers and persons having recording rights.
        Performers' rights
        181. Qualifying performances.
        182. Consent required for recording, &c. of live performance.
        182A. Consent required for copying of recording.
        182B. Consent required for issue of copies to public.
        182C. Consent required for rental or lending of copies to public.
        182CA Consent required for making available to the public
        182D. Right to equitable remuneration for exploitation of sound recording.
        183. Infringement of performer's rights by use of recording made without consent.
        184. Infringement of performer's rights by importing, possessing or dealing with illicit recording.
        Rights of person having recording rights
        185. Exclusive recording contracts and persons having recording rights.
        186. Consent required for recording of performance subject to exclusive contract.
        187. Infringement of recording rights by use of recording made without consent.
        188. Infringement of recording rights by importing, possessing or dealing with illicit recording.
        Exceptions to rights conferred
        189. Acts permitted notwithstanding rights conferred by this Part.
        190. Power of tribunal to give consent on behalf of performer in certain cases.
        Duration of rights
        191. Duration of rights.
        Performers' property rights
        191A. Performers' property rights.
        191B. Assignment and licences.
        191C. Prospective ownership of a performer's property rights.
        191D. Exclusive licences.
        191E. Performer's property right to pass under will with unpublished original recording.
        191F. Presumption of transfer of rental right in case of film production agreement.
        191G. Right to equitable remuneration where rental right transferred.
        191H. Equitable remuneration: reference of amount to Copyright Tribunal.
        191I. Infringement actionable by rights owner.
        191J. Provisions as to damages in infringement action.
        191JA Injunctions against service providers
        191K. Undertaking to take licence of right in infringement proceedings.
        191L. Rights and remedies for exclusive licensee.
        191M. Exercise of concurrent rights.
        Non-property rights
        192A. Performers' non-property rights.
        192B. Transmissibility of rights of person having recording rights.
        193. Consent.
        Remedies for infringement
        194. Infringement actionable as breach of statutory duty.
        Delivery up or seizure of illicit recordings
        195. Order for delivery up.
        196. Right to seize illicit recordings.
        197. Meaning of"illicit recording".
        Offences
        198. Criminal liability for making, dealing with or using illicit recordings.
        [198A. Enforcement by local weights and measures authority.]
        199. Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings.
        200. Search warrants.
        201. False representation of authority to give consent.
        202. Offence by body corporate: liability of officers.
        Supplementary provisions with respect to delivery up and seizure
        203. Period after which remedy of delivery up not available.
        204. Order as to disposal of illicit recording.
        204A Forfeiture of illicit recordings: England and Wales or Northern Ireland
        204B Forfeiture: Scotland
        205. Jurisdiction of county court and sheriff court.
        Licensing of performers' property rights
        205A. Licensing of performers' property rights.
        Jurisdiction of Copyright Tribunal
        205B Jurisdiction of Copyright Tribunal.
        Qualification for protection and extent
        206. Qualifying countries, individuals and persons.
        207. Countries to which this Part extends.
        208. Countries enjoying reciprocal protection.
        209. Territorial waters and the continental shelf.
        210. British ships, aircraft and hovercraft.
        Interpretation
        211. Expressions having same meaning as in copyright provisions.
        212. Index of defined expressions.
        Part III Design Right
        Chapter I Design right in original designs
        Introductory
        213. Design right.
        214. The designer.
        215. Ownership of design right.
        216. Duration of design right.
        Qualification for design right protection
        217. Qualifying individuals and qualifying persons.
        218. Qualification by reference to designer.
        219. Qualification by reference to commissioner or employer.
        220. Qualification by reference to first marketing.
        221. Power to make further provision as to qualification.
        Dealings with design right
        222. Assignment and licences.
        223. Prospective ownership of design right.
        224. Assignment of right in registered design presumed to carry with it design right.
        225. Exclusive licences.
        Chapter II Rights of Design Right Owner and Remedies
        Infringement of design right
        226. Primary infringement of design right.
        227. Secondary infringement: importing or dealing with infringing article.
        228. Meaning of"infringing article".
        Remedies for infringement
        229. Rights and remedies of design right owner.
        230. Order for delivery up.
        231. Order as to disposal of infringing articles, &c.
        232. Jurisdiction of county court and sheriff court.
        233. Innocent infringement.
        234. Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee.
        235. Exercise of concurrent rights.
        Chapter III Exceptions to Rights of Design Right Owners
        Infringement of copyright
        236. Infringement of copyright.
        Availability of licences of right
        237. Licences available in last five years of design right.
        238. Powers exercisable for protection of the public interest.
        239. Undertaking to take licence of right in infringement proceedings.
        Crown use of designs
        240. Crown use of designs.
        241. Settlement of terms for Crown use.
        242. Rights of third parties in case of Crown use.
        243. Crown use: compensation for loss of profit.
        244. Special provision for Crown use during emergency.
        General
        245. Power to provide for further exceptions.
        Chapter IV Jurisdiction of the Comptroller and the Court
        Jurisdiction of the comptroller
        246. Jurisdiction to decide matters relating to design right.
        247. Application to settle terms of licence of right.
        248. Settlement of terms where design right owner unknown.
        249. Appeals as to terms of licence of right.
        250. Rules.
        Jurisdiction of the court
        251. References and appeals on design right matters.
        252. Reference of disputes relating to Crown use.
        Chapter V Miscellaneous and General
        Miscellaneous
        253. Remedy for groundless threats of infringement proceedings.
        254. Licensee under licence of right not to claim connection with design right owner.
        Extent of operation of this Part
        255. Countries to which this Part extends.
        256. Countries enjoying reciprocal protection.
        257. Territorial waters and the continental shelf.
        Interpretation
        258. Construction of references to design right owner.
        259. Joint designs.
        260. Application of provisions to articles in kit form.
        261. Requirement of signature: application in relation to body corporate.
        262. Adaptation of expressions in relation to Scotland.
        263. Minor definitions.
        264. Index of defined expressions.
        Part IV Registered Designs
        Amendments of the Registered Designs Act 1949
        265. Registrable designs.
        266. Provisions with respect to certain designs registered in pursuance of application made before commencement.
        267. Authorship and first ownership of designs.
        268. Right given by registration of design.
        269. Duration of right in registered design.
        270. Powers exercisable for protection of the public interest.
        271. Crown use: compensation for loss of profit.
        272. Minor and consequential amendments.
        Supplementary
        273. Text of Registered Designs Act 1949 as amended.
        Part V Patent Agents and Trade Mark Agents
        Patent agents
        274. Persons permitted to carry on business of a patent agent.
        275. The register of patent agents.
        [275A Regulation of patent attorneys]
        276. Persons entitled to describe themselves as patent agents.
        277. Persons entitled to describe themselves as European patent attorneys, &c.
        278. Use of the term"patent attorney": supplementary provisions.
        279. Power to prescribe conditions, &c. for mixed partnerships and bodies corporate.
        280. Privilege for communications with patent agents.
        281. Power of comptroller to refuse to deal with certain agents.
        Trade mark agents
        282. The register of trade mark agents.
        283. Unregistered persons not to be described as registered trade mark agents.
        284. Privilege for communications with registered trade mark agents.
        Supplementary
        285. Offences committed by partnerships and bodies corporate.
        286. Interpretation.
        Part VI Patents
        Patents county courts
        287. Patents county courts: special jurisdiction.
        288. Financial limits in relation to proceedings within special jurisdiction of patents county court.
        289. Transfer of proceedings between High Court and patents county court.
        290. Limitation of costs where pecuniary claim could have been brought in patents county court.
        291. Proceedings in patents county court.
        292. Rights and duties of registered patent agents in relation to proceedings in patents county court.
        Licences of right in respect of certain patents
        293. Restriction of acts authorised by certain licences.
        294. When application may be made for settlement of terms of licence.
        Patents: miscellaneous amendments
        295. Patents: miscellaneous amendments.
        Part VII Miscellaneous and General
        Circumvention of protection measures
        296. Devices designed to circumvent copy-protection.
        296ZA Circumvention of technological measures
        296ZB Devices and services designed to circumvent technological measures
        296ZC Devices and services designed to circumvent technological measures: search warrants and forfeiture
        296ZD Rights and remedies in respect of devices and services designed to circumvent technological measures
        296ZE Remedy where effective technological measures prevent permitted acts
        296ZF Interpretation of sections 296ZA to 296ZE
        Rights management information
        296ZG Electronic rights management information
        Computer programs
        296A. Avoidance of certain terms.
        Databases
        296B. Avoidance of certain terms relating to databases
        Fraudulent reception of transmissions
        297. Offence of fraudulently receiving programmes.
        297A Unauthorised decoders.
        297B Search warrants
        297C Forfeiture of unauthorised decoders: England and Wales or Northern Ireland
        297D Forfeiture of unauthorised decoders: Scotland
        298. Rights and remedies in respect of apparatus, &c. for unauthorised reception of transmissions.
        299. Supplementary provisions as to fraudulent reception.
        Fraudulent application or use of trade mark
        300. Fraudulent application or use of trade mark an offence.
        Provisions for the benefit of the Hospital for Sick Children
        301. Provisions for the benefit of the Hospital for Sick Children.
        Financial assistance for certain international bodies
        302. Financial assistance for certain international bodies.
        General
        303. Consequential amendments and repeals.
        304. Extent.
        305. Commencement.
        306. Short title.
        Schedules
        SCHEDULE 1 Copyright: transitional provisions and savings
        SCHEDULE 2 Rights in performances: permitted acts
        SCHEDULE 2A LICENSING OF PERFORMERS' PROPERTY RIGHTS
        SCHEDULE 3 Registered designs: minor and consequential amendments of 1949 Act
        SCHEDULE 4 The Registered Designs Act 1949 as amended Arrangement of Sections
        SCHEDULE 5 Patents: miscellaneous amendments
        SCHEDULE 5A PERMITTED ACTS TO WHICH SECTION 296ZE APPLIES
        PART 1 Copyright exceptions
        PART 2 Rights in performances exceptions
        PART 3 Database right exceptions
        SCHEDULE 6 Provisions for the Benefit of the Hospital for Sick Children
        SCHEDULE 7 Consequential amendments: general
        SCHEDULE 8 Repeals

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